Taxonomy derived from the Greek tassein means to classify
and nomos meaning rule. Taxonomic classification berhirarkhi means of something
or the principles underlying the classification.
Bloom's Taxonomy. Benjamin Bloom is an economics professor
from the University of Chicago who introduced a classification of thinking
skills, known as Bloom's Taxonomy. Refers to Bloom's Taxonomy Taxonomy for
educational purposes. This taxonomy was first conceived by Benjamin S. Bloom in
1956. In this case, the purpose of education is divided into several domains
(domains, region) and each domain is subdivided into more detailed division is
based on hierarchy.
The
purpose of education is divided into three domains, namely:
1.
Cognitive Domain (Cognitive
Domains), which contains the behaviors that emphasize the intellectual aspects,
such as knowledge, understanding, and thinking skills.
2.
Affective Domain (affective aspect) contains
behaviors that emphasize aspects of feelings and emotions, such as interests,
attitudes, appreciation, and how to adjust.
3.
Psychomotor domain
(Psychomotor Domains) contains behaviors that emphasize aspects of motor skills
such as handwriting, typing, swimming, and operating machinery.
1) Cognitive domains
According to Bloom's cognitive
domains consisting of six aspects of the pyramidal hierarchy sorted. The six
aspects are knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and
evaluation as shown below:
Bloom's Cognitive Taxonomy
Classification
Classification
includes the cognitive development of intellectual skills in stages, namely:
a.
Knowledge (C1)
Is the ability to
restate facts, concepts, principles, procedures or terms that have been studied
(Recall the data or information). This level is the lowest level, but a
prerequisite for the next level. Ability possessed only the ability to capture
information and to restate such information without understanding it.
b.
Comprehension (C2)
An ability to
understand the meaning, interpolation, interpretation of instructions
(directives) and problems. Munaf (2001:69). Argued that "understanding is
one level of ability in the process of thinking in which students are required
to understand the means to know something and see it in many ways".
c.
Application (C3)
Is the ability to use
concepts in new situations or in concrete situations. This level is a higher
level of understanding. Capabilities acquired include the ability to apply
principles, concepts, theories, laws and methods learned in new situations.
d.
Analisis (C4)
Is the ability to sort
the material or concepts into component parts so that the order structure can
be understood. By analysis of a student is expected to be able to sort out the
integrity of the parts are more detailed or more to decompose and understand
the relationships of the parts to each other.
e.
Synthesis (C5)
An ability to integrate
the separate parts into a unified whole. Munaf (2001:73) states that the
ability of the synthesis is the ability to combine the parts (elements) that
manifested in a logical pattern related to or take the conclusions of the
events that have anything to do with each other.
f.
Evaluation (C6)
Is the ability to make
a judgment (judgment) of a situation, values or
ideas. This capability is the highest capacity of other capabilities.
Evaluation is the ability to make decisions on the value of something that may
be viewed in terms of goals, ideas, ways of working, materials and specific
criteria.
2) Affective domain
Domain division is
organized together with David Bloom Krathwol.
a.
Receipt (Receiving /
Attending)
Willingness to
recognize the existence of a phenomenon in its environment. Teaching shape in
the form of getting attention, maintain, and directing.
b.
Response (Responding)
React to the phenomena
that exist in the environment. Include approval, willingness, and satisfaction
in responding.
c.
valuing
Related to the price or
value applied to an object, phenomenon, or behavior. Assessment based on the
internalization of a particular set of values that
are expressed in behavior.
d.
Organization
Integrating different
values,
resolving conflicts among them, and establish a consistent value system.
Based
on the characterization values (Characterization by a Value or Value Complex).
Has a value system that controls his behavior so that it becomes life-style
characteristics.
3)
Psychometric
Domain
The
details in this domain are not made by Bloom, but by other expert domains
created by Bloom.
a.
Perception (Perception)
The use of sensing
devices to be hold in assisting the movement.
b.
Readiness (Set)
Physical readiness,
mental, and emotional to make a move.
c.
Guided Response (Response
Guided)
Early stage in learning
complex skills, including imitation and trial and error motion.
d.
Mechanism (Mechanism)
Familiarize the
movements appear to have learned so convincing and competent.
e.
There was a complex response (overt Complex
Response).
Skilled motor movements
of which consists of patterns of complex movements.
f.
Adjustment (Adaptation)
Skills that have been
developed that can be customized in a variety of situations.
g.
Creation (Origination)
Creating new movement patterns
that are tailored to specific situations or problems.
